http://www.beaumontenterprise.com/news/article/University-researcher-tests-new-wild-sheep-vaccine-1333487.php
BOISE, Idaho (AP) Ð A Washington State University wildlife disease
researcher produced an experimental vaccine that appears to have protected
four bighorn sheep against deadly pneumonia.

Subramaniam Srikumaran, the WSU professor in Pullman, says his findings are
a promising but concedes years of work remain to help safeguard wild bighorn
herds from periodic die-offs that have plagued the species in Idaho.

His research comes at a time when domestic sheep that roam the same habitat
as bighorns are blamed for spreading disease to their more vulnerable wild
cousins. That’s led federal managers to close sheep grazing allotments in
Idaho’s Payette National Forest to protect the wild sheep. That move has
angered the region’s ranchers, who see the federal government as protecting
wildlife over their livelihoods.

Srikumaran told the Lewiston Tribune this week that he developed the vaccine
in his laboratory, then gave it to four bighorn sheep. They all survived
after being exposed to a pathogen that causes pneumonia. Sheep not given the
vaccine died within days of exposure. He acknowledged the sample size of
inoculated bighorns was small, but "100 percent is something convincing to
me."

Idaho bighorn numbers have dwindled by half since 1990, to about 3,500.
Die-offs such as ones where 300 sheep died in 1995 and 1996 in Hell’s Canyon
have contributed to the declines. And most scientists believe contact
between the wild sheep and domestic sheep during the spring and summer has
contributed to transmission of deadly pneumonia.

Last year the Payette National Forest approved a plan that will reduce
domestic sheep grazing by nearly 70 percent.

Some see a vaccine along the lines of what Srikumaran is working on as a
solution to allowing historic ranching activities and wild sheep to coexist
in the high country Ð not just in Idaho but in other states including
Washington and California, where similar efforts to separate the animals are
under consideration.

Wildlife biologists following the debate say a solution remains elusive,
despite the positive rumblings from Srikumaran’s lab. For instance, relying
on a vaccine given to wild sheep can be problematic, because it probably
would require capturing all the wild animals that live in steep and remote
terrain.

Once they’re captured, the questions continue, said Keith Lawrence, director
of the Nez Perce Tribes wildlife program.

"How do you know who has got it? How do you control the dosage? (There) is
lots of difficulty with that," Lawrence said. "That is why until we get all
this stuff figured out, separation is the key."

That’s one reason why Srikumaran is also working on a method that would
treat the domestic sheep that are rounded up annually instead of the
bighorns.

"We are trying to eliminate the disease-causing bacteria from the throats of
domestic sheep," he said.

Frances Cassirer, a wildlife research biologist for the Idaho Department of
Fish and Game in Lewiston, said Srikumaran’s experimental vaccine may prove
a valuable tool in the fight to learn more about what causes wild sheep to
contract pneumonia from domestics or if there is more than one cause.

For instance, Srikumaran exposed the sheep to a pathogen known to be deadly,
but some researchers believe there is another bacteria that weakens the
bighorns’ immune system and makes them more susceptible to deadly bacteria.

"If you could inoculate bighorn with the vaccine and expose them to domestic
sheep and they survived, at least you would know that is the organism; it
suggests that is the organism we have to get rid of in domestic sheep,"
Cassirer said.

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